Text "case" refers to how the letters, word boundaries, and separators of a piece of text are styled — whether words are capitalized, separated by spaces, underscores, or hyphens, and whether letters are upper or lower case. English prose typically uses Sentence case or Title Case, while programming languages rely on conventions like camelCase, PascalCase, snake_case, and kebab-case to name variables, functions, files, and URLs consistently.
Different contexts expect different case styles: a blog headline reads best in Title Case, a JavaScript variable is usually camelCase, a Python variable or database column is typically snake_case, and a URL slug or CSS class is often kebab-case. Manually retyping text to match a required style is slow and error-prone, especially across long documents or code identifiers.